NIWANO, Masashi

Job title Senior Resercher/The Fourth lab./Department of Physical Meteorology Research
E-mail hiniwanomasashi
Personal masashiniwano.net
Expertise snow physics, seasonal snow, glaciology, meteorology, physical snow model, Greenland, Greenland ice sheet, Antarctic ice sheet, ice sheet, polar regional climate model, regional climate model, ice sheet mass balance, surface mass balance, snow/ice surface energy balance, snow grain size, snow impurity
Degree Dr.Sci.
Other positions
  • 2020 July–Present: Guest Associate Professor, National Institute of Polar Research
  • 2019 September–Present: Guest Researcher, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience
  • 2018 October–Present: Visiting scientist, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS)
Service
  • 2020–Present: Associate Editor of the journal The Cryosphere (European Geosciences Union; EGU)
  • 2020–Present: Associate Editor of the journal SOLA (Scientific Online Letters on the Atmosphere) (the Meteorological Society of Japan)
  • 2019–Present: Board member of the western branch of the Japanese Society of Snow and Ice
  • 2019–Present: Member of the steering committee of the 5th period Japan Consortium for Arctic Environmental Research (JCAR)
  • 2011–Present: Committee member of information provision of the Japanese Society of Snow and Ice
  • 2020-2021: Program organizing committee member of annual meeting of the Japanese society of snow and ice
  • 2008–2020: Editor of bulletin of the Meteorological Society of Japan “TENKI”
  • 2019–2020: Main-convener of “Science in the Arctic Region (A-CG57)” in JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020
  • 2018–2020: The Sixth International Symposium for Arctic Research (ISAR-6) Symposium Organizing Committee
  • 2018–2019: Co-convener of “Science in the Arctic Region (A-CG37)” in JpGU Meeting 2019
  • 2017–2019: Member of the steering committee of the 4th period Japan Consortium for Arctic Environmental Research (JCAR)
  • 2017–2019: Editor of Bulletin of Glaciological Research (BGR) published by the Japanese Society of Snow and Ice
  • 2012: Executive committee of annual spring meeting of the Meteorological Society of Japan at Tsukuba
Publications Refereed papers
  1. Niwano, M., Kajino, M., Kajikawa, T., Aoki, T., Kodama, Y., Tanikawa, T., and Matoba, S., 2021: Quantifying relative contributions of light-absorbing particles from domestic and foreign sources on snow melt at Sapporo, Japan during the 2011-2012 winter. Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL093940. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093940. Open Access
  2. Tanikawa, T., Masuda, K., Ishimoto, H., Aoki, T., Hori, M., Niwano, M., Hachikubo, A., Matoba, S., Sugiura, K., Toyota, T., Ohkawara, N., and Stamnes, K., 2021: Spectral degree of linear polarization and neutral points of polarization in snow and ice surfaces. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., 273, 107845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2021.107845.
  3. Niwano, M., Box, J. E., Wehrlé, A., Vandecrux, B., Colgan, W. T., and Cappelen, J., 2021: Rainfall on the Greenland ice sheet: present-day climatology from a high-resolution non-hydrostatic polar regional climate model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL092942. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL092942. Open Access; * Blog post by William Colgan
  4. Hirose, S., Aoki, T., Niwano, M., Matoba, S., Tanikawa, T., Yamaguchi, S., Yamasaki, T., 2021: Surface energy balance observed at the SIGMA-A site on the northwest Greenland ice sheet. Seppyo, 83, 143-154. (in Japanese)
  5. Sugiyama, S., Kanna, N., Sakakibara, D., Ando, T., Asaji, I., Kondo, K., Wang, Y., Fujishi, Y., Fukumoto, S., Podolskiy, E., Fukamachi, Y., Takahashi, M., Matoba, S., Iizuka, Y., Greve, R., Furuya, M., Tateyama, K., Watanabe, T., Yamasaki, S., Yamaguchi, A., Nishizawa, B., Matsuno, K., Nomura, D., Sakuragi, Y., Matsumura, Y., Ohashi, Y., Aoki, T., Niwano, M., Hayashi, N., Minowa, M., Jouvet, G., van Dongen, E., Bauder, A., Funk, M., Bjørk, A. A., Oshima, T., 2021: Rapidly changing glaciers, ocean and coastal environments, and their impact on human society in the Qaanaaq region, northwestern Greenland. Polar Science, 27, 100632, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2020.100632. Open Access
  6. Niwano, M. and Aoki. T., 2021: Snow modeling studies in Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency. Archives of Atmospheric Chemistry Research, 44, 044A03, https://jpsac.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/AACR_vol44.pdf. Open Access (in Japanese)
  7. Aoki, T., Matoba, S., Niwano, M., Kuchiki, K., Tanikawa, T., Takeuchi, N., Yamaguchi, S., Motoyama, H., Fujita, K., Yamasaki, T., Iizuka, Y., Hori, M., Shimada, R., Uetake, J., Nagatsuka, N., Onuma, Y., Hashimoto, A., Ishimoto, H., Tanaka, T. Y., Oshima, N., Kajino, M., Adachi, K., Kurosaki, Y., Sugiyama, S., Tsutaki, S., Goto-Azuma, K., Hachikubo, A., Kawakami, K., and Kinase, T., 2021: Studies on Atmosphere, Snow/Ice, and Glacial Microbes on Greenland Ice Sheet by SIGMA and relevant projects − A linkage to the ArCS II Project −. Seppyo, 83, 169-191. (in Japanese)
  8. Wehrlé, A., Box, J. E., Niwano, M., Anesio, A. M., Fausto, R. S., 2021: Greenland bare ice albedo from PROMICE automatic weather station measurements and Sentinel-3 satellite observations. GEUS Bulletin, 47, 5284. https://doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v47.5284 Open Access
  9. Niwano, M., Aoki, T., Hashimoto, A., Oshima, N., Kajino, M., Onuma, Y, Fujita, K., Yamaguchi, S., Shimada, R., Takeuchi, N., Tsutaki, S., Motoyama, H., Ishii, M., Sugiyama, S., Hirasawa, N., Abe-Ouchi, A., 2021: Review of the current polar ice sheet surface mass balance and its modelling: the 2020 summer edition. Seppyo, 83, 27-50. (in Japanese)
  10. Niwano, M., Yamaguchi, S., Yamasaki, T., and Aoki, T., 2020: Near-surface snow physics data from a dog-sledge traverse expedition in the northwest Greenland ice sheet during 2018 spring. Polar Data Journal, 4, 133-144, http://doi.org/10.20575/00000019. Open Access
  11. Vandecrux, B., Mottram, R., Langen, P. L., Fausto, R. S., Olesen, M., Stevens, C. M., Verjans, V., Leeson, A., Ligtenberg, S., Kuipers Munneke, P., Marchenko, S., van Pelt, W., Meyer, C. R., Simonsen, S. B., Heilig, A., Samimi, S., Marshall, S., Machguth, H., MacFerrin, M., Niwano, M., Miller, O., Voss, C. I., and Box, J. E., 2020 : The firn meltwater Retention Model Intercomparison Project (RetMIP): evaluation of nine firn models at four weather station sites on the Greenland ice sheet. The Cryosphere, 14, 3785–3810, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3785-2020. Open Access
  12. Fettweis, X., Hofer, S., Krebs-Kanzow, U., Amory, C., Aoki, T., Berends, C. J., Born, A., Box, J. E., Delhasse, A., Fujita, K., Gierz, P., Goelzer, H., Hanna, E., Hashimoto, A., Huybrechts, P., Kapsch, M.-L., King, M. D., Kittel, C., Lang, C., Langen, P. L., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Liston, G. E., Lohmann, G., Mernild, S. H., Mikolajewicz, U., Modali, K., Mottram, R. H., Niwano, M., Noël, B., Ryan, J. C., Smith, A., Streffing, J., Tedesco, M., van de Berg, W. J., van den Broeke, M., van de Wal, R. S. W., van Kampenhout, L., Wilton, D., Wouters, B., Ziemen, F., and Zolles, T., 2020: GrSMBMIP: intercomparison of the modelled 1980–2012 surface mass balance over the Greenland Ice Sheet. The Cryosphere, 14, 3935–3958, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3935-2020. Open Access
  13. Menard, C. B., Essery, R., Krinner, G., Arduini, G., Bartlett, P., Boone, A., Brutel-Vuilmetm, C., Burke, E., Cuntz, M., Dai, Y., Decharmem, B., Dutra, E., Fang, X., Fierz, C., Gusev, Y., Hagemann, S., Haverd, V., Kim, H., Lafaysse, M., Marke, T., Nasonova, O., Nitta, T., Niwano, M., Pomeroy, J., Schädler, G., Semenov, V., Smirnova, T., Strasser, U., Swenson, S., Turkov, D., Wever, N., and Yuan, H., 2020 : Scientific and human errors in a snow model intercomparison. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 125, in press, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0329.1. Open Access
  14. Kurosaki, Y., Matoba, S., Iizuka, Y., Niwano, M., Tanikawa, T., Ando, T., Hori, H., Miyamoto, A., Fujita, S., and Aoki, T., 2020: Reconstruction of sea ice concentration in northern Baffin Bay using deuterium excess in a coastal ice core from the northwestern Greenland Ice Sheet. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 125, e2019JD031668, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031668. Open Access
  15. Tanikawa, T., Kuchiki, K., Aoki, T., Ishimoto, H., Hachikubo, A., Niwano, M., Hosaka, M., Matoba, S., Kodama, Y., Iwata, Y., and Stamnes, K., 2020: Effects of snow grain shape and mixing state of snow impurity on retrieval of snow physical parameters from ground‐based optical instrument, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 125, e2019JD031858, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031858.
  16. Onuma, Y., Takeuchi, N., Tanaka, S., Nagatsuka, N., Niwano, M., and Aoki, T., 2020: Physically based model of the contribution of red snow algal cells to temporal changes in albedo in northwest Greenland, The Cryosphere, 14, 2087–2101, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2087-2020. Open Access
  17. Vandecrux, B., Fausto, R. S., van As, D., Colgan, W., Langen, P. L., Haubner, K., Ingeman-Nielsen, T., Heilig, A., Stevens, C. M., MacFerrin, M., Niwano, M., Steffen, K., Box, J. E., 2020: Firn cold content evolution at nine sites on the Greenland ice sheet between 1998 and 2017, J. Glaciol. 66, 591–602, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.30. Open Access
  18. Toyoda, T., Aoki, T., Niwano, M., Tanikawa, T., Urakawa, L. S., Tsujino, H., Nakano, H., Sakamoto, K., Hirose, N., Yamanaka, G., 2020: Impact of observation-based snow albedo parameterization on global ocean simulation results, Polar Science, 100521, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2020.100521. Open Access
  19. Kokhanovsky, A., Lamare, M., Danne, O., Brockmann, C., Dumont, M., Picard, G., Arnaud, L., Favier, V., Jourdain, B., Le Meur, E., Di Mauro, B., Aoki, T., Niwano, M., Rozanov, V., Korkin, S., Kipfstuhl, S., Freitag, J., Hoerhold, M., Zuhr, A., Vladimirova, D., Faber, A.-K.,  Steen-Larsen, H.C., Wahl, S., Andersen, J.K., Vandecrux, B., van As, D., Mankoff, K.D., Kern, M., Zege, E., Box, J.E., 2019: Retrieval of snow properties from the Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Colour Instrument, Remote Sens., 11, 2280, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11192280. Open Access
  20. Niwano, M., Hashimoto, A., and Aoki, T., 2019: Cloud-driven modulations of Greenland ice sheet surface melt, Sci. Rep., 9, 10380, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46152-5. Open Access
  21. Ménard, C. B., Essery, R., Barr, A., Bartlett, P., Derry, J., Dumont, M., Fierz, C., Kim, H., Kontu, A., Lejeune, Y., Marks, D., Niwano, M., Raleigh, M., Wang, L., and Wever, N., 2019: Meteorological and evaluation datasets for snow modelling at ten reference sites: description of in situ and bias-corrected reanalysis data, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 865-880, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-865-2019. Open Access
  22. Niwano, M. 2019: Recent rapid snow/ice mass loss in the Greenland ice sheet –an attempt to understand the governing mechanism through field measurements and numerical modelling-, TENKI, 66(3), 225-230, https://doi.org/10.24761/tenki.66.3_225. Open Access .  (in Japanese)
  23. Krinner, G., C. Derksen, R. Essery, M. Flanner, S. Hagemann, M. Clark, A. Hall, H. Rott, C. Brutel-Vuilmet, H. Kim, C. B. Ménard, L. Mudryk, C. Thackeray, L. Wang, G. Arduini, G. Balsamo, P. Bartlett, J. Boike, A. Boone, F. Chéruy, J. Colin, M. Cuntz, Y. Dai, B. Decharme,  J. Derry, A. Ducharne, E. Dutra, X. Fang, C. Fierz, J. Ghattas, Y. Gusev, V. Haverd, A. Kontu, M. Lafaysse, R. Law, D. Lawrence, W. Li, T. Marke, D. Marks, M. Ménégoz, O. Nasonova,  T. Nitta, M. Niwano, J. Pomeroy, M. S. Raleigh, G. Schaedler, V. Semenov, T. G. Smirnova,  T. Stacke, U. Strasser, S. Svenson, D. Turkov, T. Wang, N. Wever, H. Yuan, W. Zhou, and D. Zhu, 2018: ESM-SnowMIP: assessing snow models and quantifying snow-related climate feedbacks, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 5027-5049, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-5027-2018. Open Access .
  24. Kurosaki, Y., S. Matoba, Y. Iizuka, M. Niwano, T. Tanikawa, and T. Aoki, 2018: Influence of environmental conditions near Baffin Bay on deuterium excess and chemical substances in falling snow in northwest Greenland, Seppyo, 80(6), 515-529 (in Japanese with English abstract).
  25. Takeuchi, N., R. Sakaki, J. Uetake, N. Nagatsuka, R. Shimada, M. Niwano, T. Aoki, 2018: Temporal variations of cryoconite holes and cryoconite coverage on the ablation ice surface of Qaanaaq Glacier in northwest Greenland, Ann. Glaciol., 59, 21-30, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2018.19. Open Access .
  26. Onuma, Y., N. Takeuchi, S. Tanaka, N. Nagatsuka, M. Niwano, and T. Aoki, 2018: Observations and modelling of algal growth on a snowpack in north-western Greenland, The Cryosphere, 12, 2147-2158, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2147-2018. Open Access .
  27. Matoba, S., M. Niwano, T. Tanikawa, Y. Iizuka, T. Yamasaki, Y. Kurosaki, T. Aoki, A. Hashimoto, M. Hosaka, and S. Sugiyama, 2018: Field activities at the SIGMA-A site, northwestern Greenland Ice Sheet, 2017, Bull. Glaciol. Res., 36, 15-22, https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.18R01. Open Access .
  28. Niwano, M., T. Aoki, A. Hashimoto, S. Matoba, S. Yamaguchi, T. Tanikawa, K. Fujita, A. Tsushima, Y. Iizuka, R. Shimada, and M. Hori, 2018: NHM–SMAP: spatially and temporally high-resolution nonhydrostatic atmospheric model coupled with detailed snow process model for Greenland Ice Sheet, The Cryosphere, 12, 635-655, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-635-2018. Open Access .
  29. Zaizen, Y., N. Orikasa, T. Tajiri, T. Aoki, and M. Niwano, 2018: Variation of aerosol hygroscopicity parameter κ measured at Tsukuba during winter and early spring, Aerosol Kenkyu, 33(1), 5-11, https://doi.org/10.11203/jar.33.5. (in Japanese with English abstract) Open Access ．
  30. Saito, K., J. Mori, H. Machiya, S. Miyazaki, T. Ise, T. Sueyoshi, T. Yamazaki, Y. Iijima, H. Ikawa, K. Ichii, A. Ito, R. O’oishi, T. Oota, G. Katata, A. Kotani, T. Sasai, A. Sato, H. Sato, A. Sugimoto, R. Suzuki, K. Tanaka, T. Nitta, M. Niwano, E. Burke, H. Park, S. Yamaguchi, 2018: Energy-water budget analysis of an Arctic terrestrial models intercomparison GTMIP, Seppyo, 80(2), 159-174 (in Japanese with English abstract).
  31. Tsutaki, S., S. Sugiyama, D. Sakakibara, T. Aoki, and M. Niwano, 2017: Surface mass balance, ice velocity and near-surface ice temperature on Qaanaaq Ice Cap, northwestern Greenland, from 2012 to 2016, Ann. Glaciol., 58, 181-192, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2017.7. Open Access .
  32. Yasunari, T. J., M. Niwano, Y. Fujiyoshi, A. Shimizu, M. Hayasaki, T. Aoki, A. M. da Silva, B. N. Holben, S. Matoba, N. Murao, S. Yamagata, and K-M. Kim, 2017: An unreported Asian dust (Kosa) event in Hokkaido, Japan: A case study of March 2016, SOLA, 13, 96-101, https://doi.org/10.2151/sola.2017-018. Open Access .
  33. Niwano, M., T. Aoki, A. Hashimoto, S. Yamaguchi, T. Tanikawa, and M. Hosaka, 2017: Application of the physical snowpack model SMAP to Japan Meteorological Agency’s AMeDAS (Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System) sites in Niigata, Japan during the 2015-2016 winter, Seppyo, 79(6), 525-538 (in Japanese with English abstract).
  34. Hori, M, K. Sugiura, K. Kobayashi, T. Aoki, T. Tanikawa, K. Kuchiki, M. Niwano, and H. Enomoto, 2017: A 38-year (1978-2015) Northern Hemisphere daily snow cover extent product derived using consistent objective criteria from satellite-borne optical sensors, Remote Sensing of Environment, 191, 402-418, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.01.023.
  35. Hashimoto, A., M. Niwano, and T. Aoki, 2016: Numerical weather prediction supporting cryospheric field observation campaign on the Greenland Ice Sheet, Seppyo, 78, 205-214 (in Japanese with English abstract).
  36. Miyazaki, S., K. Saito, J. Mori, T. Yamazaki, T. Ise, H. Arakida, T. Hajima, Y. Iijima, H. Machiya, T. Sueyoshi, H. Yabuki, E. J. Burke, M. Hosaka, K. Ichii, H. Ikawa, A. Ito, A. Kotani, Y. Matsuura, M. Niwano, T. Nitta, R. O'ishi, T. Ohta, H. Park, T. Sasai, A. Sato, H. Sato, A. Sugimoto, R. Suzuki,  K. Tanaka, S. Yamaguchi, and K. Yoshimura, 2015: The GRENE-TEA model intercomparison project (GTMIP): overview and experiment protocol for Stage 1, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2841-2856, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2841-2015. Open Access .
  37. Niwano, M., T. Aoki, S. Matoba, S. Yamaguchi, T. Tanikawa, K. Kuchiki, and H. Motoyama, 2015: Numerical simulation of extreme snowmelt observed at the SIGMA-A site, northwest Greenland, during summer 2012, The Cryosphere, 9, 971-988, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-971-2015. Open Access .
  38. Kuchiki, K., T. Aoki, M. Niwano, S. Matoba, Y. Kodama, and K. Adachi, 2015: Elemental carbon, organic carbon, and dust concentrations in snow measured with thermal optical method and filter weighing: variations during 2007-2013 winters in Sapporo, Japan. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 120, 868-882, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022144. Open Access .
  39. Tanikawa, T., M. Hori, T. Aoki, A. Hachikubo, K. Kuchiki, M. Niwano, S. Matoba, S. Yamaguchi, and K. Stamnes, 2014: In-situ measurement of polarization properties of snow surface under the Brewster geometry in Hokkaido, Japan and northwest Greenland ice sheet. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 13946–13964, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022325. Open Access .
  40. Aoki, T., S. Matoba, S. Yamaguchi, T. Tanikawa, M. Niwano, K. Kuchiki, K. Adachi, J. Uetake, H. Motoyama, and M. Hori, 2014: Light-absorbing snow impurity concentrations measured on Northwest Greenland ice sheet in 2011 and 2012. Bull. Glaciol. Res., 32, 21-31, https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.32.21. Open Access .
  41. Hori, M., T. Aoki, T. Tanikawa, K. Kuchiki, M. Niwano, S. Yamaguchi, and S. Matoba, 2014: Dependence of thermal infrared emissive behaviors of snow cover on the surface snow type. Bull. Glaciol. Res., 32, 33-45, https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.32.33. Open Access .
  42. Hachikubo, A., S. Yamaguchi, H. Arakawa, T. Tanikawa, M. Hori, K. Sugiura, S. Matoba, M. Niwano, K. Kuchiki, and T. Aoki, 2014: Effects of temperature and grain type on time variation of snow specific surface area. Bull. Glaciol. Res., 32, 47-53, https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.32.47. Open Access .
  43. Yamaguchi, S., H. Motoyoshi, T. Tanikawa, T. Aoki, M. Niwano, Y. Takeuchi, and Y. Endo, 2014: Application of snow specific surface area measurement using an optical method based on near-infrared reflectance around 900-nm wavelength to wet snow zones in Japan. Bull. Glaciol. Res., 32, 55-64, https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.32.55. Open Access .
  44. Niwano, M., T. Aoki, K. Kuchiki, M. Hosaka, Y. Kodama, S. Yamaguchi, H. Motoyoshi, and Y. Iwata, 2014: Evaluation of updated physical snowpack model SMAP. Bull. Glaciol. Res., 32, 65-78, https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.32.65. Open Access .
  45. Yamaguchi, S., S. Matoba, T. Yamazaki, A. Tsushima, M. Niwano, T. Tanikawa, and T. Aoki, 2014: Glaciological observations in 2012 and 2013 at SIGMA-A site, Northwest Greenland, Bull. Glaciol. Res., 32, 95-105, https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.32.95. Open Access .
  46. Hori, M., T. Tanikawa, T. Aoki, A. Hachikubo, K. Sugiura, K. Kuchiki, and M. Niwano, 2013: Possibility to Discriminate Snow Types Using Brightness Temperatures in the Thermal Infrared Wavelength Region, RADIATION PROCESSES IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEAN (IRS2012), Robert Cahalan and Jurgen Fischer (Eds), AIP Conf. Proc. 1531, 316, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4804770. Open Access .
  47. Aoki, T., K. Kuchiki, M. Niwano, S. Matoba, J. Uetake, K. Masuda, and H. Ishimoto, 2013: Numerical Simulation of Spectral Albedos of Glacier Surfaces Covered with Glacial Microbes in Northwestern Greenland, RADIATION PROCESSES IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEAN (IRS2012), Robert Cahalan and Jurgen Fischer (Eds), AIP Conf. Proc. 1531, 176, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4804735. Open Access .
  48. Hori, M., T. Aoki, T. Tanikawa, A. Hachikubo, K. Sugiura, K. Kuchiki, and M. Niwano, 2013: Modeling angular dependent spectral emissivity of snow and ice in the thermal infrared atmospheric window, Appl. Opt., 52, 7243-7255, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.52.007243.
  49. Niwano, M., T. Aoki, K. Kuchiki, M. Hosaka, and Y. Kodama, 2012: Snow Metamorphism and Albedo Process (SMAP) model for climate studies: Model validation using meteorological and snow impurity data measured at Sapporo, Japan, J. Geophys. Res., 117, F03008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002239. Open Access .
  50. Kuchiki, K., T. Aoki, M. Niwano, H. Motoyoshi, and H. Iwabuchi, 2011: Effect of sastrugi on snow bidirectional reflectance and its application to MODIS data, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D18110, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016070. Open Access .
  51. Aoki, T., K. Kuchiki, M. Niwano, Y. Kodama, M. Hosaka, and T. Tanaka, 2011: Physically based snow albedo model for calculating broadband albedos and the solar heating profile in snowpack for general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D11114, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015507. Open Access .