Publication


  1. Original Paper
  2. Technical Report of MRI
  3. Technical Material
  4. WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling
  5. Review Paper
  6. Presentation (Meteorological Society of Japan)
  7. Presentation Paper

1. Original Paper

Fujibe, F., K. Saito, D.S. Wratt and S.G. Bradley, 1999: A numerical study on the diurnal variation of low-level wind in the lee of a two-dimensional mountain. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 77, 827-843.

Georgelin, M., , P. Bougeault, T. Black, N. Brzovic, A. Buzzi, J. Calvo, V. Casse, M. Desgagne, R. El-khatib, J.-F. Geleyn, T. Holt, S.-Y. Hong, T. Kato, J. Katzfey, K. Kurihara, B. Lacroix, F. Lalaurette, Y. Lemaitre, J. Mailhot, D. Majewski, P. Malguzzi, V. Masson, J. Mcgregor, E. Minguzzi, T. Paccagnella and C. Wilson, 2000: The second COMPARE exercise: A model intercomparison using a case of a typical mesoscale orographic flow, the PYREX IOP3. Quart.J.Roy. Soc., 126, 991-1030.

Ikawa, M., H. Sakakibara, M. Ishihara, and Z. Yanagisawa, 1987: 2-dimensional simulation of the convective snow band observed over the Japan Sea - the structure and time evolution of the organized multicellular convection -. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 65. 605-633.

Ikawa, M., 1988: 2-dimensional simulation of the convective snow band observed over Japan Sea, Part 2 - Precipitation mechanism of the convective snow band and the effects of the different parameterization of cloud microphysics on the convective snow band -. Pap. Met. Geophys., 39. 13-43.

Ikawa, M. and Y. Nagasawa, 1989: A numerical study of a dynamically induced Foehn observed in the Abashiri-Ohmu Area. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 67, 429-458.

Ikawa, M., 1990: High-drag states and foehns of a two-layered stratified fluid past a two-dimensional mountain. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 68. 163-182.

Ikawa, M., 1990: Weakly non-linear aspects of steady hydrostatic mountain waves in a 2-layered stratified fluid of infinite depth over a 2-dimensional mountain. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 68, 357-369.

Ikawa, M., H. Mizuno, M. Murakami, Y. Yamada and K. Saito, 1991: Numerical modeling of the convective snow cloud over the Sea of Japan. --Precipitation mechanism and sensitivity to ice crystal nucleation rates--. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 69, 641-667.

Kanada, S., B., geng, N., Yoshimoto, Y., Fujiyoshi and T., Takeda, 1999: Doppler radar observation on the orographic modification of a precipitating convective cloud in its landing. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan. 77. 135 - 154.

Kato, T. and K. Saito, 1995: Hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic simulation of moist convection: Applicability of hydrostatic approximation to a high-resolution model. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 73, 59-77.

Kato, T., 1995: Box-Lagrangian rain drop scheme. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 73, 241-245.

Kato, T., 1996: Hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic simulation of the 6 August 1993 Kagoshima torrential rain. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 74, 355-363.

Kato, T., 1997: Hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic simulations of moist convection: Review and further study. Meteo. Atmos. Phys., 63, 39-51.

Kato,T., 1998: Numerical simulation of the band-shaped torrential rain observed southern Kyushu, Japan on 1 August 1993. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 76, 97-128.

Kato, T., K. Kurihara, H. Seko, K. Saito and H. Goda, 1998: Verification of the MRI nonhydrostatic model model predicted rainfall during the 1996 Baiu season. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 76, 719-735.

Redelsperger, J.L., P. Brown, F. Guichard, C. Hoff, M. Kawasima, S. Lang, T. Montmerle, K. Nakamura, K. Saito, C. Seman, and W.K. Tao, 2000: A GCSS intercomparison of models for a tropical squall line observed during TOGA-COARE. Part 1: Cloud-Resolving Models. Q. J. R. Met. Soc., 126, 823-863.  

Saito, K. and M. Ikawa, 1991: A Numerical study of the local downslope wind "Yamaji-kaze" in Japan. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 69, 31-56.

Saito, K. and M. Ikawa, 1992: Numerical simulation of local wind by a nonhydrostatic nested model, Tenki, 39, 615-625 (in Japanese).

Saito, K., 1993: A numerical study of the local downslope wind "Yamaji-kaze" in Japan. Part 2: Non-linear aspect of the 3-D flow over a mountain range with a col. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 71, 247-271.

Saito, K., 1994: A numerical study of the local downslope wind "Yamaji-kaze" in Japan. Part 3: Numerical simulation of the 27 September 1991 windstorm with a non-hydrostatic multi-nested model. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 72, 301-329.

Saito, K., L. Thanh and T. Takeda, 1994: Airflow over the Kii Peninsula and its relation to the orographic enhancement of rainfall. Pap. Met. Geophys., 45, 65-90.

Saito, K. and T. Kato, 1996: On the modification of the MRI nonhydrostatic nesting model. Tenki, 43, 369-382 (in Japanese).

Saito, K., M. Murakami, T. Matsuo and H. Mizuno, 1996: Sensitivity experiments on the orographic snowfall over the mountainous region of northern Japan. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 74, 797-813.

Saito, K., 1997: Semi-implicit fully compressible version of the MRI meso-scale nonhydrostatic model. --Forecast experiment of the 6 August 1993 Kagoshima torrential rain--. Geophys. Mag. Ser.2, 2, 109-137.

Saito, K., G. Doms, U. Schaetter and J. Steppeler, 1998: 3-D mountain waves by the Lokal-Modell of DWD and the MRI-mesoscale nonhydrostatic model. Pap. Met. Geophys., 49, 7-19.

Saito, K., T. Keenan, G. Holland and K. Puri, 2001: Numerical simulation of tropical diurnal thunderstorms over the Maritime Continent. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 378-400.

Seko, H., T. Kato, K. Saito, M. Yoshizaki, K. Kusunoki, H. Okamura and Tsukuba Area Precipitation Studies Group, 1999: Analytical and numerical studies of a stationary precipitation band observed over the Kanto plain associated with T9426 (Orchid). J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 77, 929-948.

Yoshizaki, M., T. Kato, Y. Tanaka, H. Takayama, S. Shoji, H. Seko, K. Arao and K. Manabe, 2000: Analytical and numerical study of the 26 June1998 orographic rainband observed in the western Kyusyu, Japan. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan (in press)


2. Technical Report of MRI

Ikawa, M. and K. Saito, 1991: Description of a nonhydrostatic model developed at the Forecast Research Department of the MRI. Technical Reports of the MRI, 28, 238pp.

Saito, K., T. Kato, H. Eito and C. Muroi, 2000: Documentation of the Meteorological Research Institute/ Numerical Prediction Division unified nonhydrostatic model. Technical Reports of the MRI (submitted).


3. Technical Material


4. WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling

Eito, H., M., Yoshizaki, T., Kato, K., Saito and Y., Mano, 1999: 3-D Numerical experiments of marine stratocumulus observed around Japan islands in winter. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 28, 5.21-5.22.

Kato, T., 1995: Box-Lagrangian rain-drop scheme. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 21, 4.21-4.22.

Kato, T. and K. Saito, 1995: Comparative experiment between hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic simulations of moist convection. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 21, 4.23-4.24.

Kato, T., 1997: A modified centered differential advection scheme. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling 25, 3.17-3.18.

Kato, T., K. Kurihara, H. Seko, K. Saito and H. Goda, 1998: Verification of the MRI-nonhydrostatic-model predicted rainfall during the 1996 Baiu season. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 27, 3.14-3.15.

Kato, T., 1999 : Verification of the MRI-Nonhydrostatic-Model predicted rainfall during the 1996 BAIU season. Part 2 : Effects of ice-phase and atmospheric radiation. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 28, 4.11-4.12.

Kato, T., M. Yoshizaki and X-BAIU98 observing group, 2000: Numerical simulation of a line-shaped rainfall inducing by the mountainous barrier effect. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 30, 5.17-5.18.

Murata, A., K., Saito and M., Ueno, 1999 : Preliminary results of a forecast experiment for the Typhonn Flo(1990) using the MRI Mesoscale Nonhydrostatic Model. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 28, 5.36-5.37.

Murata, A., K. Saito and M. Ueno, 2000: Impact of precipitation scheme and horizontal resolution on a simulated rainband of Typhoon Flo(1990). CAS/JSC WGNE Resarch Activities in Atmospheric. and Oceanic Modelling, 29 (in press)

Muroi, C., K. Saito, T. Kato and H. Eito, 2000: Development of the MRI/NPD nonhydrostatic model. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 30, 5.25-5.30.

Saito K. and M. Ikawa, 1989: Numerical experiments of local windstorm "Yamaji " in Japan. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 13, 5.24-5.25.

Saito K. and M. Ikawa, 1990: Numerical experiments of local wind by a 3-dimensional nonhydrostatic model. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 14, 5.27-5.28.

Saito, K. and M. Ikawa, 1992: Numerical simulation of local winds by a 3-dimensional nonhydrostatic nesting model. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 17, 5.32-5.33.

Saito, K. and T. Lyons, 1992: Numerical experiments of a forced flow over the Darling Scarp. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 17, 5.34-5.35.

Saito, K., T. Matsuo, M. Murakami, H. Mizuno and M. Ikawa, 1993: Numerical experiments of convective snow clouds over mountainous region of northern Japan. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 18, 5.24- 5.25.

Saito, K., 1993: Numerical simulation of local winds by a nonhydrostatic multi-nested Model. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 18, 5.26-5.27.

Saito, K., T. Matsuo, M. Murakami, H. Mizuno and M. Ikawa, 1994: Numerical experiments of orographic snowfall over mountainous region of Northern Japan -- Sensitivity to ice crystal nucleation rates-- CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 19, 4.26-4.27.

Saito, K., 1994: Numerical simulation of local winds by a semi-implicit fully compressible nonhydrostatic model. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 19, 5.17-5.18.

Saito, 1995: Incorporation of a map factor into a nonhydrostatic modeli. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 21, 3.19-3.20.

Saito, K. and T. Kato, 1995: Forecast experiment of the 1993 Kagoshima torrential rain with a regional nonhydrostatic model. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 21, 5.29-5.30.

Saito, K., T. Keenan, G. Holland and K. Puri, 1996: Numerical simulation of tropical diurnal thunderstorms over the Tiwi Islands. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 23, 5.33-5.34.

Saito, K., 1997: Forecast experiment of a frontal precipitation band with the MRI mesoscale nonhydrostatic model. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 25, 5.29-5.30.

Saito, K. and M. Yamasaki, 1997: GEWEX Cloud System Studies model intercomparions on a squall line of TOGA-COARE. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 25, 5.31-5.32.

Saito,K., 1998: Recent modification of the MRI-NHM --- Higher order advection schemes and adjustment of mass-flux through lateral boundaries according to the precipitation rates ---. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 27, 5.44-5.45.

Saito, K., G. Doms, U. Schaettler and J. Steppeler, 1998: Comparison of the Local-Modell of DWD and the MRI mesoscale nonhydrostatic model. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling,27, 5.46-5.47.

Saito, K., K., Yamada and T., Tsuyuki, 1999 : Forecast experiment of a heavy rain event of KAMEX with the MRI Mesoscale Nonhydrostatic Model. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 28, 1.31-1.32.

Saito, K.,2000 : Modification of the MRI nonhydrostatic model --- arbitrary conformal projection mapping and nesting with the global data ---. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling,, 30, 5.35-5.36.

Saito, K., 2001: A global version of the Meteorological Research Institute/Numerical Prediction Division Nonhydrostatic Model. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling (submitted).

Saito, K., T. Kato, H. Eito, and C. Muroi, 2001: Cloud resolving simulation of cold air outbreak over Japan with a parallel version of the MRI/NPD Nonhydrostatic Model. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling (submitted).

Seino, N. and K., Saito, 1999 : A numerical study of the local front in the Kanto Region, Japan. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 28, 5.50-5.51.

Seko, H., T. Kato, K. Saito, M. Yoshizaki, K. Kusunoki, H. Okamura and Tsukuba Area Precipitation Studies Group, 1996:@Numerical simulation of a stationary precipitation band observed over the Kanto plain associated with T9426 (Orchid). CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 23, 5.37-5.38.

Seko, H., T. Kato, M. Yoshizaki, K. Kurihara and K. Kusunoki, 1997: Numerical simulation of a squall line observed over then Kanto Plain, Japan. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 25, 5.33-5.34.

Seko, H., T. Kato, K. Saito, K. Kurihara, M. Yoshizaki, K. Mori and Members of Torrential Rain Experiment, 1998: A precipitation system in the Baiu front observed over the southern Kyushu, Japan on 7 July 1996. CAS/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, 27, 5.48-5.49.


5. Review Paper

Keenan, T., S. Rutledge, R. Carbone, J. Wilson, T. Tkahashi, P. May, N. Tapper, M. Platt, J. Hacker, S. Sekelsky, M. Moncrieff, K. Saito, G. Holland, A. Crook, and K. Gage, 2000: The Maritime Continent Thunderstorm Experiment (MCTEX): Overview and some results. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81, 2433-2455.

Saito, K., T. Matsuo, M. Murakami, H. Mizuno and M. Ikawa, 1994: Numerical experiment of orographic snowfall over the mountainous region of Northern Japan. BMRC Research Report, 46, 143-148.

Saito, K.,1994: A numerical simulation of the Yamaji-kaze with a non-hydrostatic model. J. Wind Engineering, 59, 93-96.

Saito, K.,1994: On the downslope wind, Tenki, 41, 731-750 (in Japanese).

Saito, K., 1996: Semi-implicit fully compressible version of the MRI nonhydrostatic nesting model. BMRC Research Report, 54, 43-48.

Saito, K., G. Doms, U. Schaettler and J. Steppeler, 1998: 3-D mountain waves by the Local-Modell of DWD and the MRI mesoscale nonhydrostatic model. SRNWP-Centre for Nonhydrostatic Modelling Newsletter, 2, 3-13.

Saito, K., 1998: Mountain flow and local severe winds. J. Wind Engineering, 75, 79-84. (in Japanese)

Saito, K.,  J. Steppeler, T. Kato, H. Eito, N. Seino and A. Murata, 2000: Report on the Third International SRNWP (Short-Range Numerical Weather Prediction) Workshop on Nonhydrostatic Modelling. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. (submitted)


6. Presentation at the Meteorological Society of Japan


7. Presentation Paper

Biao Geng, K. Saito and T. Takeda, 1998: Analysis of intense rainstorm in southern Kyushu. Extended papers of the International symposium meso-scale water cycle and heavy rainfall in east Asia. 85.

Eito, H., M. Yoshizaki, T. Kato, K. Saito and Y. Mano 1999: 3-D Numerical Experiments of Marine Stratocumulus Observed around Japan Islands in Winter. Abstracts of the 3rd SRNWP-workshop on nonhydrostatic modelling.

Kato, T., 1996: Numerical simulation of line-shaped torrential rainband occurred in the southern Kyusyu, Japan on 1 August 1993. Prep. 7th Conf. on Mesoscale Processes, 437-438.

Kato, T.,1998: Maintenance mechanism of the band-shaped torrential rain observed over southern Kyushu, Japan on 1 August 1993. Preprints of the 19th Conference on Severe Local Storms, 459-460.

Kato, T., 1998: Numerical simulation of the band-shaped torrential rain observed over southern Kyushu, Japan on August 1993. Extended papers of the International symposium meso-scale water cycle and heavy rainfall in east Asia. 79-82.

Kato, T., K. Kurihara, H. Seko and K. Saito, 1998: Verification of the MRI-nonhydrostatic -model predicted rainfall during the 1996 Baiu season. Extended papers of the International symposium meso-scale water cycle and heavy rainfall in east Asia. 111-114.

Kato, T., M. Yoshizaki and X-BAIU98 Observation Group 1999: Numerical Simulation of a Line-Shaped Rainfall Induced by the Mountainous Barrier Effect. Abstracts of the 3rd SRNWP-workshop on nonhydrostatic modelling.

Kato, T. and H. Eito 1999: Verification of the MRI-nonhysrostatic-model predicted rainfall during the 1996 Baiu season. Part 2: Effects of ice-phase and atmospheric radiation. Abstracts of the 3rd SRNWP-workshop on nonhydrostatic modelling.

Kato, T., 1999: The intensification of a low-level jet and a cold front inducing a heavy rainfall on the Baiu frontal zone. Proceedings of Workshop on Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction and its Application, 83-86.

Kato, T., 2000: The intensification of a low-level jet and a cold front inducing a heavy rainfall on the Baiu frontal zone. Proceedings of International Conference on Mesoscale Convective Systems and Heavy Rain in East Asia,189-192.

Murata, A., K. Saito and M. Ueno 1999: A Numerical Study of Typhoon Flo (1990) using the MRI Mesoscale Nonhydrostatic Model. Abstracts of the 3rd SRNWP-workshop on nonhydrostatic modelling.

Murata, A., K. Saito, and M. Ueno, 1999: A numerical simulation of Typhoon Flo (1990) using the MRI mesoscale nonhydrostatic model. Proceedings of Workshop on Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction and its Application, 31-34.

Muroi, C., 1999: The parallel computing of NWP models at JMA. Extended abstracts of International Workshop on Next Generation Climate Models for Advanced High Performance Computing Facilities, 47-50.

Muroi, C., K. Saito, T. Kato and H. Eito, 1999: Development of the MRI/NPD nonhydrostatic model, Proceedings of Workshop on Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction and its Application, 83-86.

Nakamura, K., Z., Tan, K., Tsuboki and H., Seko, 1999: Numerical modeling of a meso-scale precipitating system.

Saito, K, 1993: Numerical simulation of local strong wind with a nonhydrostatic multi-nested model. Proceeding of Workshop on Observation/Forecasting of Meso-scale weather and Technology of Reduction and Prevent Disasters.

Saito, K.,1994: A numerical simulation of the Yamaji-kaze with a non-hydrostatic model. J. Wind Engineering, 59, 93-96.

Saito, K., T. Matsuo, M. Murakami, H. Mizuno and M. .Ikawa, 1994: Numerical experiments of orographic snowfall over the mountainous region of Northern Japan. Preprints of 23rd International Conference on Alpine Meteorology.

Saito, K., 1996: Development of a nonhydrostatic universal model. Abstracts of the 7th BMRC Modelling Workshop.

Saito, K., 1996: Semi-implicit fully compressible version of the MRI mesoscale nonhydrostatic model. WGNE Workshop Abstracts.

Saito, K., T. Keenan, G. Holland and K. Puri,1997: Numerical simulation of tropical diurnal thunderstorms over the Tiwi Islands, Preprints of the 22nd Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, 378-379.

Saito, K., T. Keenan, G. Holland and K. Puri,1998: Numerical modelling of the diurnal evolution of the tropical thunderstorms observed in MCTEX. Preprints of the 19th Conference on Severe Local Storms, 649-652.

Saito, K., 1998: Forecast experiment of the 6 August 1993 Kagoshima torrential rain --Semi-implicit fully compressible version of the MRI mesoscale nonhydrostatic model--. Extended papers of the International symposium meso-scale water cycle and heavy rainfall in east Asia. 75-78.

Saito, K., H. Goda, K. Yamada and T. Tsuyuki 1999: Kanto area meso-analysis experiment and forecast experiment with a nonhydrostatic model. Abstracts of the 3rd SRNWP-workshop on nonhydrostatic modelling.

Saito, K., 1999: Development of nonhydrostatic atmospheric model at MRI. Extended abstracts of International Workshop on Next Generation Climate Models for Advanced High Performance Computing Facilities, 65-68.

Saito, K.,1999: The MRI mesoscale nonhydrostatic model --overview and projects--. Proceedings of Workshop on Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction and its Application, 1-4.

Seino, N. and K. Saito 1999: A Nonhydrostatic Simulation of the Local Front in Kanto, Japan. Abstracts of the 3rd SRNWP-workshop on nonhydrostatic modelling.

Seko, H., T. Kato, K. Saito, M., Yoshizaki, K. Kusunoki and H. Okamura and Tsukuba Area Precipitation Studies Group, 1995: Numerical simulation of a stationary precipitation band observed over the Kanto plain associated with T9426 (Orchid), WMO/Fourth Technical Coference.

Seko, H., T. Kato, K. Saito, M. Yoshizaki, K. Kusunoki and H. Okamura, 1996: Analytical and numerical studies of a stationary precipitation band observed over the Kanto plain associated with T9426 (Orchid). Prep. 7th Conf. on Mesoscale Processes, 389-390.

Seko, H., T. Kato, K. Saito, K. Kuruhara, M. Yoshizaki, K. Mori and Members of Torrential Rain Experiment, 1998: A precipitation system in the Baiu front observed over the southern Kyushu, Japan on 7 July 1996. Extended papers of the International symposium meso-scale water cycle and heavy rainfall in east Asia. 83-84.

Seko, H., S. Shimada, H. Nakamura and T. Kato, 1999: Three-dimensional distribution of water vapor estimated from atmospheric delay data of GPS in a meso-scale precipitation system along the Baiu front. Proceedings of Workshop on Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction and its Application, 55-58.

Yoshizaki, M.,1999: Recent observational and numerical studies of mesoscale convective systems in Japan. Proceedings of Workshop on Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction and its Application, 35-38.


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